'Living labs' to tackle emissions
Living labs that bring together expertise at locations around New Zealand are among potential solutions identified by researchers to help the country move towards a more climate resilient future.
However, AgResearch professor Rich McDowell says other mitigation strategies need to be looked at because it’s impractical to fence all waterways.
McDowell recently had a paper on a model he developed published in the American Journal of Environmental Quality.
He told Rural News his model is designed to calculate the loads of various contaminants, e.g. nitrogen, sediment and E.coli in rivers and streams, and produce scenarios to help mitigate problems in waterways. An important conclusion is the scientific proof about the value of fencing off waterways.
“Fencing counts,” he says. “We know fencing knocks off 10 - 90% of contaminant transfer from land into waterways.
“It just depends which contaminant you are talking about. For instance, at the upper end you have surface-runoff derived contaminants such as sediment, phosphorous and potentially E.coli; and at the lower end it’s probably nitrogen because it goes lower into the subsurface.”
McDowell says fencing works especially well for E.coli and phosphorous contamination that can result from animal waste or stream destabilisation. But he points out that New Zealand’s topography makes it impossible to fence all streams.
He says the cost of fencing streams high up in a catchment is effectively prohibitive and therein lies the problem.
“We see most contaminants coming from shallow narrow streams in catchments steeper than 15 degrees,” McDowell explains. “Beyond that, there is a component that is natural and a component derived from farming activity. The bit that is natural is between 25 and 75%, depending on the contaminant and local context.”
According to McDowell, the alternative to fencing streams in steeper country is other mitigation strategies -- having an optimal Olsen P concentration, not grazing gullies until later in the season and providing deer with wallow areas away from streams. Such mitigation options are very cost effective.
McDowell notes that in the last ten years an awareness of the issues and good management practices have begun to reverse the degrading of waterways by phosphorus and sediment.
He says fencing in the right situation is obviously a good idea because it’s simple, visual and the concept resonates with the public. But mitigation requires a horses-for-courses approach.
Winter forage crops work in some regions but will not work in others and farmers need an open mind on what is best for their particular circumstances.
McDowell points out that this is not just a dairy problem.
“There are loads of various contaminants coming in from a variety of land uses – dairy, drystock and even the arable and horticultural sectors. They have their own ‘signatures’ in terms of contaminants.
“Equally, they have their own mitigation strategies.”
McDowell says in some seasons very wet or very dry ground causes runoff into streams. His advice to farmers is to mix and match strategies and possibly get a second opinion to ensure action lines up with regional council rules.
