Middle East Tensions Risk Increasing Fertiliser and Diesel Costs for NZ Farmers

The wider Middle East region is a key supplier of crude oil, natural gas, urea and sulphur fertilisers. Crude oil and urea prices have already risen since the attacks started, and diesel and fertiliser prices in New Zealand have also increased.

Urea price movements are linked to the risk that around 45% of the global urea supply could be disrupted via the Strait of Hormuz. The wider Middle East region accounts for a significant share of this trade. Iran has become a sizeable urea exporter in recent years, accounting for almost 10% of global urea exports. Any closure or disruption to shipping in the Strait of Hormuz - a crucial corridor for exports of crude oil, natural gas and urea - would limit shipments from Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the UAE, and to a lesser extent, Oman and Saudi Arabia.

Qatar exports about 10% of global urea via the Strait of Hormuz, and Saudi Arabia ships a large portion of its roughly 8% share of global urea exports through the same route.

Iranian retaliation against countries in the region could also affect urea supplies indirectly - for example, in Egypt, where production depends on natural gas sourced from Israel. Egypt accounts for about 8% of global urea exports.

The Middle East has also become an increasingly important market for milk powders in recent years, particularly important as Chinese demand has softened. Most imports are destined for Egypt, Saudi Arabia and the UAE. The region also imports other food and grains including around 5% of New Zealand's lamb exports and under 2% of beef. Disruptions are possible but are difficult to forecast.

The recent US tariff changes stem from a US Supreme Court ruling in early February requiring the trade tariffs introduced by the second Trump administration early last year to be removed. In response, President Trump immediately introduced a revised tariff rate of 15% under alternative tariff rules and schemes. For New Zealand products like sheepmeat and wine, US tariffs will remain unchanged, while for some of our competitors like Australia they will increase from 10% to 15%. This potentially slightly improves the competitiveness of New Zealand products in the US market relative to that of some other countries. For beef, New Zealand's major export product to the US, tariffs remain suspended, given the US had exempted beef imports from tariffs in 2025.

Stefan Vogel is general manager of RaboResearch Australia and New Zealand.